![]() This can result in a change, over time, to the chemical composition of the lava as well. This plumbing system can become more complex over time. The magma rises through a system of pipes or channels, sometimes spending time in chambers where it bubbles with gas and undergoes chemical transformations. Volcano: A place on Earth’s crust that opens, allowing magma and gases to spew out from underground reservoirs of molten material. They will not be similar if cut, torn or have had some pieces glued (or otherwise patched) onto it. Shapes are related when they have similar properties even after deformation (such as bending, stretching, shrinking). Topology: (in math) The study of the properties of shapes and their relationships to each other. Technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry - or the devices, processes and systems that result from those efforts. But the best known types are pollutants created by the incomplete burning of oil, wood and other carbon-based materials. They can be comprised of anything very small. Smoke: Plumes of microscopic particles that float in the air. Photonics: Technology and research on the properties and transmission of light particles, called photons. Optics: Having to do with vision or what can be seen. Anything on Earth with matter will have a property described as "weight." Matter: Something that occupies space and has mass. Liquid: A material that flows freely but keeps a constant volume, like water or oil. Lasers are used in drilling and cutting, alignment and guidance, in data storage and in surgery. Laser: A device that generates an intense beam of coherent light of a single color. ![]() Researchers today also apply it to wind speeds. This unit was initially developed by 17th-century sailors to measure the speed of ships at sea. Knot: (in metrology) A unit of measurement for speed equal to 1 nautical mile per hour, or 1.15 statute (land-based) mile per hour. (in physics) A region in space where certain physical effects operate, such as magnetism (created by a magnetic field), gravity (by a gravitational field), mass (by a Higgs field) or electricity (by an electrical field). It is the opposite of an artificial setting, such as a research laboratory. Also a term to describe a real-world environment in which some research is conducted, such as at sea, in a forest, on a mountaintop or on a city street. This happens on Enceladus, a moon of Saturn that is covered in ice.įield: An area of study, as in: Her field of research is biology. In colder parts of the solar system, eruptions often involve liquid water spraying out through cracks in an icy crust. Volcanic eruptions on Earth usually send hot lava, hot gases or ash into the air and across surrounding land. Members of this group include orcas (killer whales), pilot whales and bottlenose dolphins.Įruption: (in geoscience) The sudden bursting or spraying of hot material from deep inside a planet or moon and out through its surface. This can include air, mucus, germs and sometimes even seawater.ĭolphins: A highly intelligent group of marine mammals that belong to the toothed-whale family. Studying the light rings might reveal how topology affects light and how light interacts with matter.īlow: (noun) A term for the materials exhaled by whales through their blowholes. That’s the study of doughnuts, knots and similar shapes. Such rings can be described by a field of math called topology. For instance, maybe they could make vortex rings out of magnetic fields. ![]() “That’s kind of cool.” He wonders if scientists could create vortex rings out of other things. Light rings aren’t that different from smoke or bubble rings, Zhan says. The team shone the light through a special device to bend the tube into a circle. They already knew how to create it using lasers. His group started with a vortex tube of light. He works in China at the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. Optics researcher Qiwen Zhan led the study. Researchers shared their discovery June 2 in Nature Photonics. It takes the same pattern as smoke in a smoke ring. In the new vortex rings, light does the same thing. These rings travel through a liquid or gas as they swirl. That would make a long, thin swirling tube. To make a vortex ring, imagine stretching out a whirlpool. Understanding light and other forms of energy on the move Normally, a vortex is a swirl in a liquid or gas. ![]() Now, scientists can create this type of ring - with light. Similarly, dolphins can blow rings of bubbles through water. Erupting volcanoes can spit smoke rings into the air. These are doughnut-shaped swirls that sometimes flow through liquids and gases. The structures are examples of vortex rings. In this case, they’re actually smoke-free. Smoke rings are being seen in a new light. ![]()
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